If A Person Has Type B Blood, Which Statement Describes The...

Type B blood has B antigens with anti-A antibodies in the plasma. Blood is formed up of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in a liquid called plasma. Your blood group is recognized by antibodies and antigens in the blood. Antibodies are proteins detected in plasma.The eight blood types have different combinations of certain molecules, antigens, on the surface of The blood type notation A Rh- indicates which antigens and antibodies are present in the blood. In reality a person with Rh- blood can develop Rh antibodies in the blood plasma if he or she receives...A blood type (also known as a blood group) is a classification of blood, based on the presence and absence of antibodies and inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs).Hypertension simply means high blood pressure. As a normal heart pumps blood through the body, a certain degree of pressure is excreted against the blood vessels. A hypertensive patient tends to develop cardiovascular ailments much sooner than a person who has not suffered from hypertension.The ABO system of blood grouping consists of IgM antibodies that are specific to the ABO antigens expressed on the surface of the RBCs. The heavy chains of the IgE antibody are of the subclass Epsilon with two antigenic binding sites. It exists in the monomeric form and has a molecular weight of...

The Blood Typing Game - Tutorial 1: What is a blood type?

Your blood group is identified by antibodies and antigens in the blood. Antibodies are proteins found in plasma. They're part of your body's natural This is why group A blood must never be given to someone who has group B blood and vice versa. As group O red blood cells do not have any A or B...ABO blood group antigens present on red blood cells and IgM antibodies present in the serum. InvictaHOG/Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain Image. For example, a person with blood type B makes antibodies against blood type A. If this person is given blood of type A, his or her type A...AB type blood consists of RBCs having both 'a' and 'b' type antigens on their surfaces. Thus any possibility of cross reaction with any other similar Assume If this person also have antibodies like A ,B. Then in this case immunity will be activated automatically in his body because A,B antibodies...make blood transfusions. If a person has nosebleed. have bleeding and need the first aid. In severe cases doctors. it is dark red. Blood doesn't get to the brain. The face of a person before fainting gets very pale and sweat appears on his forehead. He feels dizzy and weak.

Blood type - Wikipedia

Understanding your hepatitis B blood test results can be confusing. It is important to discuss your Your body can make this antibody if you have been vaccinated, or if you have recovered from a If this test is positive, it indicates that there is a lot of virus in the blood, which means that you can more...Not all blood is alike. Learn about blood typing and the rarest and most common types of blood and how they can impact your blood donation. The universal plasma donor has Type AB blood. For more about plasma donation, visit the plasma donation facts. Nearly 21 million blood components are...People with type AB blood have neither of these antibodies, while those with type O blood have These antibodies are useful for determining a person's blood type and help determine the types of That is, Rh antibodies develop only after a person who does not have Rh factor on his or her red...Type AB blood has no antibodies, so people with this blood type can receive blood from A, B, AB, and Since that person has anti-B antibodies, then A antigens are present in her red blood cells. When a blood is said to be either - or + it is describing whither the blood does or does not have Rh...Identifying ABO blood types. People with type A blood have the antigen A on the surface of their RBCs, while people with type B blood have the B antigen. In contrast to the ABO group, anti-D antibodies that react against D antigens are not usually present in the blood under normal conditions.

IV. PATHOLOGY

LESSON FIFTEEN

OSTEOMYELITIS. FRACTURES

Повторение: Времена группы: Indefinite (Active and Passive Voice) (?? 10, 14)

Часть I

Слова к части I

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите и определите время и залог глаголов-сказуемых в следующих предложениях.

1. The earlier investigators of micro organism thought of them as tiny animals which had been generally grouped together with the microscopic animals known as protozoans. 2. Probably the micro organism are made up of more than a few types of organisms, some are related to algae, others to fungi. Future research will without doubt throw more light on such relationship. 3. Before the center of the 19th century, the word «virus» was once repeatedly implemented to all poisonous or poisonous ingredients, together with snake venom. 4. Viruses are outstanding from poisons and venoms because of their infectious quality. 5. In addition to smallpox and yellow fever, viruses motive such human diseases as mumps, measles, poliomyelitis, chicken pox, Japanese В encephalitis, infectious hepatitis, influenza and almost certainly the standard cold.

Упражнение 2. Прочтите первый абзац текста А. Обратите внимание на произношение медицинских терминов.

Упражнение 3. Образуйте производные слова согласно данной модели и переведите их.

Существительное + -ed = прилагательное: mark знак, метка, след; черта; известность - marked отмеченный, заметный; значительный, известный.

fur (мех; налет на языке); bruise (синяк); fracture (перелом); illness; get dressed

Упражнение 4. Прочтите и переведите данные однокоренные слова.

1. far-off, distance, distantly; 2. evident, proof, it appears that evidently; 3. to inflame, inflamed, inflammable, inflammation; 4. to suppurate, suppurative, suppuration; 5. serious, severely, severity; 6. area, regional

Упражнение 5. Прочтите и переведите следующие словосочетания.

X-ray proof, irritation of lungs, belly area, regional operation, serious ache, assault of coughing, to be seriously unwell

Упражнение 6. Просмотрите текст А и назовите основные симптомы ос- трого остеомиелита.

Text A Acute Osteomyelitis

1. In this newsletter we shall talk about the indicators and signs of acute osteomyelitis, an infectious suppurative disease affecting bones.

Osteomyelitis is typically caused by Staphylococcus, which reaches the bones by means of the blood circulation from a distant center of attention, regularly a throat infection. Its rise used to be particularly sharp all the way through World War II, particulary in 1942-46 when the lack of due antibiotics made the disease uncured.

2. The disease typically affects the higher end of tibia or decrease finish of femur. The infection is adopted by means of intense response, with pus formation in the marrow areas. From there the suppuration spreads alongside the marrow hollow space and in addition thru the cortex, to erupt on the floor and form a subperiosteal abscess. In some instances the marrow cavity is widely involved; in others, on the opposite, there's a large subperiosteal abscess, but little or no pus within the bone.

3. Almost at all times a part of bone becomes necrotic, because of the poisonous impact of pus under stress and to obliteration by way of the subperiosteal abscess of the periosteal vessels supplying the bone cortex. The major nutrient artery itself may be thrombosed, resulting in necrosis of the primary part of the bone.

4. Acute osteomyelitis normally affects kids, particularly if in poor health, after an infectious fever. Sometimes there may be a historical past of minor harm to the section a few days sooner than the onset of acute signs.

5. In a typical case the onset is unexpected. Then ache and inflammation of the bone are accompanied by way of marked toxaemia. The temperature rises, often to 103? or 104? F, the face is flushed and the tongue is furred. The leucocyte rely rises to 20.000 or extra. Delirium is common. The ache is severe. The limb is held immobile. The skin over the inflamed region is hot and red, and dilated veins is also glaring. Slight superficial edema appears early. Localising signs broaden early in the case of a superficial bone corresponding to the tibia, later if the bone is deeply placed.

6. Acute osteomyelitis is a dangerous illness, particularly when it affects a deep-seated bone, comparable to the higher end of the femur, pelvis or vertebrae. In those who continue to exist the acute phase the disease often persists as power osteomyelitis. Eventually complete restoration of functions and basic health will likely be expected in most cases, when appropriate medication is implemented.

Упражнение 7. Прочтите и переведите текст А. Абзац Five переведите письменно.

Упражнение 8. Найдите в тексте А ответы на данные вопросы.

1. What kind of illnesses is osteomyelitis. 2. When used to be its rise especially sharp? Why? 3. What is osteomyelitis led to by? 4. Where does the infection localize? 5. What is the process the illness? 6. How does the illness begin in a standard case? 7. Does the disease persist as a power one or is complete restoration of purposes and basic well being conceivable?

Упражнение 9. Переведите данные предложения. Определите, какой частью речи являются выделенные слова.

1. The disease typically impacts the upper finish of tibia or decrease finish of femur. 2. The an infection is followed via intense response, with pus formation in the marrow spaces. 3. Almost at all times a part of the bone becomes necrotic, because of the poisonous impact of pus underneath the pressure. 4. The primary nutrient artery itself could also be thrombosed. 5. In those that live to tell the tale the acute phase the disease continuously persists as chronic osteomyelitis.

Упражнение 10. Найдите в каждом абзаце предложения, выражающие основную мысль данного абзаца. Выпишите их.

Упражнение 11. Найдите в каждом ряду слово, синонимичное по значению первому слову ряда.

1. distant - glaring, remote, far-away, distinct, close; 2. to involve - to invent, to come with, to invite, to have an effect on; 3. to unfold - to move over, to divide, to distribute, to hide, to scatter; 4. onset - attack, starting, procedure, turning-point; 5. severe - low, short-turn, acute, continual; 6. area - locality, district, area, part, partition

Упражнение 12. Найдите в каждом ряду слово, противоположное по значению первому слову ряда.

1. acute - dye, due, boring, dry; 2. minor - main, general, main, vital; 3. obvious - unclear, difficult to understand; 4. appropriate - incorrect, unfitting, common; 5. deeply - above, outdoor, superficially

Упражнение 13. Поставьте глаголы-сказуемые в форму действительного залога.

1. Acute osteomyelitis is in most cases caused by way of Staphylococcus aureus. 2. The infection was adopted by way of intense reaction with pus formation in the marrow spaces. 3. After hospitalization he used to be prescribed suitable remedy at house via his family doctor. 4. The wound will be dressed through her each and every 2d day.

Упражнение 14. Переведите следующие предожения на английский язык письменно.

1. Ее отправили в больницу два дня назад. 2. Доктор сказал, что нужна срочная операция. 3. При остеомиелите поражаются кости. 4. Гипсовую повязку снимут через три дня. 5. Рана зажила и больному разрешили двигаться. 6. При остеомиелите в костном мозге образуется гной.

Часть II Слова к части II

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова.

verbal exchange, position, to restore, right kind, to give protection to, irregularly, particularly, to mend

Упражнение 2. Найдите в данном ряду слово, значение которого дано в начале ряда.

1. повреждать (наносить ущерб) - to wound, to hurt, to wreck, to hurt; 2. заживлять - to remedy, to revive, to heal, to regard; 3. выпол- нять (завершать) - to fulfil, to finish, to complete; 4. рвать, ранить - to separate, to lacerate, to tear

Упражнение 3. Назовите корневые слова, от которых образованы данные производные, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. relation, courting, relative, quite; 2. tenderly, tenderness, tender-hearted; 3. swelling, swelled; 4. dressed, dressing

Упражнение 4. Прочтите текст В (10 мин). 1) Скажите, какие типы переломов описаны в тексте. 2) Найдите в тексте предложения с глаголом- сказуемым в действительном и страдательном залоге. Укажите время сказуемого. 3) Переведите предложения.

Text В Fractures

A fracture is a broken bone. There could also be different types of fractures. A closed or easy fracture results from an harm which breaks a bone with out causing any exterior wound at the website online of the destroy. In case of an open or compound fracture there may be a wound of the pores and skin at the website of the fracture, and this will likely allow communication between the outside air and the broken bone, due to this fact it's «open». When the sharp ends of a broken bone damage an internal organ reminiscent of the mind or lungs, this is referred to as «sophisticated fracture».

In compound fractures early and recommended therapeutic with just right serve as might be received simplest through early repositions in correct position. This is important now not most effective to restore the bone constructions, but to position the soft portions in courting for right kind function as smartly. All compound fracture patients will have to be safe in opposition to motion, muscle spasm, and loss of position. This is accomplished via fixation of fracture fragments in plaster of Paris casts1 or in any opposite direction. Frequent dressing of wounds in compound fractures is unnecessary.

What are the signs and signs of a fracture? Shock is at all times present in a point with any fracture. Sometimes it can be critical. Pain and tenderness at the website of fracture is instantly adopted through bruising and swelling. Bleeding is common in case of an open fracture. Irregularity on the surface of the bone can also be noticed, e.g. on the collar-bone or the bone of an arm. In an open fracture the ends of the broken bone could also be sticking out of the wound. A person's leg which was once broken could also be became underneath him with the foot turned spherical the improper way. The bones of the leg may be bent in a place where there is no joint, e.g. between the knee and the ankle if both bones of the leg are damaged.

First-aid treatment of fracture. Lay the patient down. This will lessen shock. If there is a fracture of the skull lift the patient's head and shoulders a little and toughen them. Stop bleeding if the fracture is open, and observe a dressing. In all open fractures there may be some bleeding, but it could usually be stopped by placing on a dressing. If bleeding continues, it is essential to use indirect force, particularly if the bleeding is from an artery.

Fix the broken phase in order that any movement through the affected person can't reason the broken bone to transport, as this may increasingly build up the deformity, reason great ache and make shock worse.

Notes

1. plaster of Paris cast гипсовая повязка

Упражнение 6. Найдите в тексте предложения, более полно выражающие мысль данных суждений, и прочтите их.

1. There may be various kinds of fractures: closed, open, complete. 2. In compound fractures early therapeutic is also bought. 3. Compound fracture sufferers must be safe in opposition to motion. 4. Bleeding will have to be stopped. 5. Fix the damaged part.

Упражнение 7. Передайте основное содержание текста В.

Часть III

Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 15

Упражнение 1. Укажите, в каких предложениях глагол стоит в страдательном залоге.

1. The bones of the leg were bent between the knee and the foot. 2. In all open fractures there is some bleeding. 3. Roentgenograms published new bone formation. 4. The fractures are caused by means of direct violence and indirect violence. 5. Pain and tenderness in the bone had been followed by way of bruising. 6. The patient's leg used to be held immobill.

(Ответ: 1, 4, 5, 6. Если вы ошиблись, повторите ? 4 Грамматического справочника.)

Упражнение 2. Определите, в каких предложениях глагол to be является: а) частью страдательного залога; б) глаголом-связкой.

1. If the limb is distorted seek the advice of a traumatologist. 2. In sufferers with broken bones in an arm or hand the affected limb is secured to the frame with bandages. 3. One of the sufferers used to be a boy of ten with proceedings of ache in both fingers. 4. It used to be essential to use plaster of Paris forged without delay. 5. The bleeding was once stopped via striking on a dressing. 6. The diagnosis of a difficult fracture was once made and the woman used to be directed to the traumatological department. 7. Doctor N. was once in particular aware of the guy with a comlicated fracture.

(Ответ: a) 1, 2, 5, 6; б) 3, 4, 7. Если вы ошиблись, повторите ? 15 Грамматического справочника.)

Упражнение 3. Выберите правильные значения выделенных слов.

1. They dreamed of (мечтали, видели во сне) turning into surgeons when they graduated from the Institute. 2. They learned (учить, изучать, узнавать) that their staff would begin their practical studies on Friday. 3. Their practical studies in surgical treatment will start at the surgical division (кафедра, факультет, отдел, отделение).

LESSON SIXTEEN

CORONARY HEART DISEASES

Повторение: Времена группы Perfect (Active and Passive Voice) (?? 12, 14)

Часть I

Слова к части I

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите глаголы-сказуемые в следующих предложениях. Определите их время и залог.

1. The marked build up in sufferers getting into emergency rooms in hospitals has resulted in a need for expanding amenities in virtually each and every clinic. 2. The affected person was tested for an harm to his leg which have been damaged in an automotive coincidence. 3. Four weeks later the deep abrasions of the thigh have been skin grafted. 4. If a bone in the forearm is broken the splint should reach above the elbow and lengthen underneath the wrist. 5. For thousands of years mankind had accumulated knowledge in surgery, but actual development in this box of medication began best in

the 19th century. 6. By the end of the week we shall have explored surgically the posterior tibial artery.

Упражнение 2. Образуйте 2 пары предложений от данных ниже: а) с глаголом-сказуемым в Present Perfect (Active, Passive); б) с глаголом- сказуемым в Past Perfect (Active, Passive) согласно образцу.

Образец: The nurse (to dress) the affected person's wound.

1. The nurse has dressed the patient's wound. The pa- tient's wound has been dressed by means of the nurse.

2. The nurse had dressed the affected person's wound. The pa- tient's wound had been dressed via the nurse.

1. The trainer (to show) open fracture of the thorax. 2. The doctor (to examine) the boy with osteomyelitis. 3. He (to apply) plaster of Paris solid. 4. The scholars (to see) sufferers with a sophisticated fracture.

Упражнение 3. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова и словосоче- тания.

coronary heart, coronary, contraction, approximately, floor, diabetic, in step with cent, angina pectoris, obesity, fortunately, degenerative, severity

Упражнение 4. Запомните значение суффикса -ness. Образуйте существительные от следующих прилагательных согласно модели и переведите их.

Прилагательное + -ness = существительное со значением качества или состояния: acute острый - acuteness острота. sick, sick, over the top, unique, calm

Упражнение 5. Прочтите и переведите следующие гнезда слов.

1. to skilled - revel in, experienced; 2. to die - demise, fatal, loss of life; 3. to cease - cessation, ceaseless; 4. to impede - obstructive, obstruction; 5. to get better - recovery, recoverable

Упражнение 6. Прочтите и переведите следующие словосочетания.

to get well sight (hearing, voice, one's breath, awareness); deadborn; to enjoy pain; an obstruction in the throat

1. The coronary blood vessels surrounding the heart have derived their name from the incontrovertible fact that they encircle the coronary heart like a crown, or corona. These vessels shipping almost a half of pint of blood each and every minute over the surface of the heart. Any unexpected blockage of one in every of the coronary arteries deprives that section of the coronary heart of its blood supply. Cardiac cells die, heart contractions would possibly stop, and movement might come to a standstill. If a coronary artery is completely plugged, the situation is called a coro-

nary occlusion or coronary heart attack. The vascular pathologic disorder itself has been very variable. If the obstruction is simplest partial or in certainly one of the smaller coronary tributaries, prompt medication often leads to the particular person's restoration. An occlusion in primary coronary arteries may be very critical and may cause sudden death. Other reasons of the coronary illness in-

Fig. 14. Coronary arteries supplying the coronary heart

clude heavy bodily workout, aging, nutritional conduct, weight problems, smoking, or hypertension.

2. Pain which have been developed in the coronary heart could also be because of a bloodflow deficiency in the coronary vessels. This is referred to (in reality felt in) the left arm and shoulder. Such ache from the coronary heart has been called angina pectoris. Angina pectoris would possibly not if truth be told be noticed till the work load is just too great in relation to the float in the coronary vessels. People who had skilled it again and again steadily do not feel pain until they revel in strong emotion. Others revel in it a lot of the time.

3. Fortunately, the great majority of coronary illness sufferers may have recovered and feature been in a position to steer lively, helpful lives, once they receive proper medication below excellent scientific supervision. There are many arrangements which have been efficient and are beneath medical investigation at the present time.

Heart and Artery Diseases

4. Heart and artery diseases have been presently the primary well being downside in the world. Cardiovascular illnesses are via a long way the chief

reasons of illness, incapacity, and dying among both middle-aged and aged other people. Among these, coronary heart illness, sickness of the blood vessels supplying the heart, is responsible for the biggest selection of deaths (over 50 in step with cent of all cardiovascular illnesses). Causes of different heart problems deaths, in order of decreasing significance, are stroke and high blood pressure. These 3 sicknesses are liable for greater than 80 according to cent of all cardiovascular disease deaths.

5. Like cancer and emphysema, heart diseases appear to be associated with the extension of the moderate lifestyles span. Certain elements are for sure concerned in the top occurrence of coronary heart illness - the tension, diets prime in saturated fat, the tendency toward obesity with age, loss of enough physical workout, and the prevalence of smoking. These components seem to narrate to a higher prevalence of coronary heart desease than in societies lacking those characteristics.

6. The severity and risk of coronary heart and artery diseases which we had up to now described can't be minimized; a disease in an arm or leg would possibly cripple a person, however a illness of the heart may result in his demise.

Упражнение 9. Прочтите и переведите текст А. Абзацы 2 и 3 переведите письменно.

Упражнение 10. Найдите в тексте А ответы на следующие вопросы и прочтите их.

1. What sorts of cardiovascular illnesses were discribed in text A? 2. What does the unexpected blockage of the coronary artery end result in? 3. What are the conditions caused by coronary occlusion? 4. What is angina pectoris? What do people enjoy in this condition? 5. Why coronary heart and artery illnesses had been just lately the number one health problem in the international?

Упражнение 11. Составьте письменно план текста А.

Упражнение 12. Передайте основную мысль абзацев Four и 5 текста А одним- двумя предложениями.

Упражнение 13. Вставьте подходящие по смыслу слова в данные предло- жения: thankfully, roughly, also.

1. ... , the nice majority of coronary illness sufferers recuperate and are in a position to steer active, helpful lives if they obtain correct medication beneath good clinical supervision. 2. ... one fourth of all deaths in the international outcome from coronary artery illness. 3. ... it is estimated that more than

one out of each ten persons suffers some degree of insufficiency of blood provide to the coronary heart.

Упражнение 14. Дайте синонимы к следующим словам.

to cease, obstruction, sickness, critical, majority

Упражнение 15. Прочтите и переведите текст. Объяшите употребление глагольных времен и залога.

Twenty sufferers with arterial occlusion were handled through systematic infusions since May. In many of these sufferers the obstruction were present for thus long that irreversible adjustments had already taken position.

Obstruction in 11 patients used to be of greater than twenty-four-hours' duration and in four was more than forty-eight hours old.

Only 8 sufferers were treated inside of twenty-four to thirty hours of the onset of the obstruction. Of those 5 (62 according to cent) had complete return of flow. Return of move generally befell after ten to twelve hours of continuous intravenous therapy. It become apparent that even if development was once acquired via one process treatment, this did not assure a permanent reaction. The causes for this are most certainly multiple and include: 1) a nidus of thrombus may remain on which complete rethrombosis can develop and 2) intimal harm remains as a source of rethrombosis. For these reasons now we have repeated remedy for two to a few days with the expectation that every one thrombus will probably be eliminated and the vessel wall can have a chance to repair itself.

Часть II Слова к части II

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите корневые слова, от которых образованы данные производные, и переведите их на русский язык.

generally, introduced, frequently, expanding, imbalance, excessive, weakened

Упражнение 2. Прочтите текст В (10 мин). 1) Назовите симптомы гипер- тонии. 2) Найдите предложения с глаголом-сказуемым в действительном и страдательном залоге в форме Perfect. Укажите время, которым выражены сказуемые. 3) Переведите эти предложения.

Text В Hypertension

Hypertension merely approach prime blood pressure. As a normal coronary heart pumps blood through the body, a positive degree of power is excreted towards the blood vessels. With each beat of the left ventricle, a wave ol pressure begins at the heart and travels alongside the arteries. This wave is known as the pulse. The pulse can be felt on any arteries which can be shut to the surface of the frame, akin to on the wrist, the sides of the throat and the temple. The pulse results from the blood power. The blood pressure at the moment of contraction is the systolic power; it must usually be sufficient to displace about A hundred and twenty mm. mercury in a glass tube. The blood drive at the second of rest of the coronary heart is the diastolic power; it in most cases displaces about 80 mm. of mercury. Blood drive readings, which are ceaselessly taken right through a basic bodily exam are offered as a ratio of the first determine over the 2d. Most physiologists imagine the blood pressure studying of 150/90 as excessive. This can be thought to be a helpful definition of top blood drive.

Hypertension is very common. It is thought that about one out of each and every five folks suffers from it and that about 13 per cent of all deaths are a direct result of it. Recently high blood pressure has change into more regular with increasing age and now it affects men about two times as regularly as girls.

In about Ninety according to cent of the identified cases, it has been described as very important high blood pressure, a hereditary situation. In different cases it may be because of the removing of a kidney, kidney illness, excessive narrowing of the arteries, hormone imbalance, or over the top salt in the vitamin.

It has been recognized for many years that high blood pressure is destructive for two causes: 1) it places an extra work load on the coronary heart and the left ventricle in specific; 2) the arteries may be damaged through over the top pressure. A hypertensive affected person tends to broaden cardiovascular diseases a lot faster than a person who has now not suffered from hypertension.

This top blood force in the arteries reasons a hardening (sclerosis) of blood vessels everywhere the body. The vessels turn into weakened; clots tend to form in them a lot more simply; some vessels rupture and haemorrhage. For centuries haemorrhage in the vessels of the brain (cerebral haemorrhage) and vessels of the kidneys has been recognized to be in particular destructive.

Упражнение 4. Найдите в тексте В предложения, более полно выражающие мысль данных суждений, и прочтите их вслух.

1. The pulse effects from the blood pressure and can be measured. 2. There is systolic and diastolic pressure. 3. Hypertension is very traditional. 4. The reasons of high blood pressure may be different. 5. Hypertension is damaging for two causes. 6. Hypertensive patients have tended to develop cardiovascular ailments.

Упражнение 5. Передайте основное содержание текста В письменно, использовав в качестве плана предыдущее упражнение.

Часть III

Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 16

Упражнение 1. Укажите, в каких предложениях глагол-сказуемое стоит во временах группы Perfect.

1. Cardiomyopathy has been defined as «acute, subacute, or continual dysfunction of heart muscle of unknown or difficult to understand etiology». 2. Apart from discomfort in his chest he had no historical past suggestive of myocardial infarction or angina. 3. A affected person with a femoral artery embolus had marked transient improvement in move. 4. The duration of treatment has been increased to a most of 16 hours in our sufferers. 5. The arterial occlusion had recurred via the next morning.

(Ответ: 1, 4, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите ?? 12, 14 Грамматического справочника.)

Упражнение 2. Укажите, в каких предложениях глагол-сказуемое стоит в форме страдательного залога.

1. The affected person used to be admitted to the sanatorium with crucial high blood pressure. 2. The girl spoke back slowly to diuretic treatment. 3. A loud heart-sound was once audible at the mitral space. 4. The patient has been maintained for a 12 months with out additional episodes of heart-failure. 5. The left ventricle used to be

grossly dilated with very poor movements of all areas. 6. Gross mitral incompetence had not been suspected clinically prior to now.

(Ответ: 1, 4, 5, 6. Если вы ошиблись, повторите ? 14 Грамматического справочника.)

Упражнение 3. Переведите данные гнезда слов на английский язык.

1. опыт, испытывать, огштный; 2. умирать, смерть, умерщвлять, смертельно; 3. прекращать, прекращение, непрерывный; 4. непроходимость (закупорка), мешающий, закупоривать; 5. выздороветь, выздоровление

LESSON SEVENTEEN

RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS

Повторение: Времена группы Continuous (Active and Passive Voice) (?? 11, 14)

Часть I

Слова к части I

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите сказуемые в следующих предложениях. Определите их время и залог.

1. All keep watch over patients had been receiving oxygen over a length of 2 hours.

2. In order to analyse the changes in recumbent B.P. (blood power) after the analgetic injections, the patients have been divided in two groups.

3. 8 or Nine patients who have been being injected with pentazocine for ten mins confirmed a upward thrust of B.P. 4. Other research have suggested that pentazocine produces less sedation than the narcotics. 5. The patient had signs of severe congestive failure because of aortic insufficiency. 6. When the attendant doctor entered the ward, affected person P. was once being injected aminophylline intravenously.

Упражнение 2. Напишите исходные слова к нижеприведенным производ- ным и переведите их.

inside of, specialised, inflammation, breathing, ultimately, mucopurulent,

irritation, bacterial, staining, to discharge

Упражнение 3. Прочтите и переведите данные гнезда слов.

Упражнение 4. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения и словосочетания.

1. bronchial tree; 2. the smoke irritates my eyes; a muscle contracts when aggravated by means of electrical energy; 3. to be inflamed with diphtheria; to spread by an infection; infection is also carried through the air

Упражнение 5. Просмотрите текст А. Передайте основное содержание каждой части.

Упражнение 6. Найдите в тексте А ответы на следующие вопросы и зачитайте их.

1. Is the higher or decrease part of the respiratory tract affected extra frequently? 2. What occurs to the mucous membrane when it is being inflamed? 3. What does the time period «catarrh» point out and what is the situation of catarrhal inflammation characterized with? 4. What causes bronchitis? 5. What are the symptoms of continual bronchitis?

Text A

Infections of the Respiratory Tract

1. While the slides were being prepared the lecturer announced the theme to be discussed. He mentioned: «The respiratory tract is topic to infection extra incessantly than some other part of the body. Respiratory infections stand third as a explanation for deaths; they lead all other reasons between ages of fifteen and thirty-five. The higher portion of the respiratory tract, the nostril, throat and trachea, are affected more ceaselessly than the decrease, the bronchi and lungs. The deeper the inflammation, the more severe are its penalties; pneumonia is incessantly deadly. Inflammation of the deeper breathing buildings effects from a downward extension of a comparatively innocuous inflammation in the upper structures.»

2. All the breathing passages, excluding the private structures of the lungs, are coated with the mucous membrane; when this tissue turns into infected it's being swollen and there's a profuse flow of mucus. Pus attributable to bacterial action is blending with the mucus, making it opaque and white or staining it yellow; the discharge is then stated to be mucopurulent. Inflammation of the mucous membrane is of the so-called catarrhal type; the time period «catarrh» indicates a power state of irritation.

Chronic Bronchitis

3. The inside of the bronchioles is covered with a highly specialized membrane. This membrane has a layer of mucus to trap the international subject that have entered the lungs. Millions of hairlike cilia are repeatedly sweeping the layer of mucus with its trapped international particles upward to the throat the place it is being swallowed.

4. Repeated inflammation of this ciliated mucous membrane can paralize the action of the cilia, eventually destroy them and stimulate an excessive manufacturing of mucus. This is the condition known as persistent bronchitis. Since the cilia can not clear the lungs of mucus, it accumulates till the float of air thru the bronchioles is obstructed. This obstruction then inspires coughing that helps to transparent the lungs. Frequent coughing is the maximum necessary, distinguished symptom of persistent bronchitis. Other signs may include shortness of breath1 and wheezing.

5. The major medicine of chronic bronchitis is composed of eliminating the irritation that reasons it. The supply of irritation is incessantly smoking tobacco. The so-called «smoker's cough» is in fact a symptom of continual bronchitis. The first step in treating any lung dysfunction is to prevent smoking. Coughing itself can contribute to the irritation of the bronchioles. If the source of inflammation is an an infection the illness might be receiving the medication of a doctor.

Notes

1. shortness of breath одышка

Упражнение 7. Заполните пропуски словами until, since, than, that, above all.

1. The higher portion of the breathing tract is affected more continuously ... the decrease one. 2. ... the cilia can no longer transparent the lungs of mucus it accumulates ... the go with the flow of air via the bronchioles is obstructed.

3. This obstruction then evokes coughing ... helps to clear the lungs.

4. ... chronic bronchitis will have to receive the medication of a doctor.

Упражнение 8. Определите значения выделенных слов в данных предло- жениях.

1. The cilia can not clear (разгружать, освобождать) the lungs. 2. Frequent coughing is the maximum outstanding (заметный, известный, важный) symptom of power bronchitis. 3. The first step in treating (лечение, обработка) any lung dysfunction is to prevent smoking.

Упражнение 9. Спишите первый абзац текста А и подчеркните в нем слова, которые могут быть опущены.

Упражнение 10. Прочтите и переведите письменно пятый абзац текста А.

Упражнение 11. Прочтите и переведите следующий текст, найдите глаголысказуемые во временах группы Continuous.

Mrs. Smith had bronchial bronchial asthma for 4 years, sooner than she was once admitted to the MaudslayHospital in February 2002 at the age of 26. Her folks and more youthful brother had been in poor health. Her paternal grandmother, who died at 70, used to be asthmatic. Her first assault of asthma aroused from sleep her at 5 o'clock one morning in November when she was 22: «I felt terrible, I assumed, I used to be choking. It felt as regardless that my throat used to be shutting up.» She concept she was once death. The assault subsided without medicine after 1/2 an hour. Thereafter Mrs. Smith used to be frightened of the bronchial asthma itself and her attacks became more widespread and more severe. Since October 2001 even the earliest signs of bronchial asthma had nervous her: «I feel a tightening up of my chest; then I am gasping for breath, then the wheezing starts; then I've a choking feeling in the back of my throat. Then I just panic and worsen and worse.» When she was admitted she was in status astmaticus. She was once frightened, however no longer depressed; her intelligence was reasonable; and she or he was starting to regard her asthma as a worried sickness. In the medical institution Mrs. Smith used to be handled with prednizolone by means of mouth, supplemented by hydrocortisone intravenously, isoprenaline inhalations, ephedrine, and phenobarbitone. As her sputum was occasionally purulent, tetra- cycline was added. Throughout March she had simplest 4 gentle assaults which settled inside ten mins. During these transient episodes she was once noticeably free from anxiousness. She went home early in April 2002, taking prednizolone 25 mg via mouth. On this outpatient treatment her bronchial asthma temporarily subsided.

Упражнение 12. Составьте план текста А письменно.

Часть II Слова к части II

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Прочтите текст В (10 мин.). 1) Разделите его на смысловые части. 2) Найдите и переведите глаголы-сказуемые во временах группы Continuous в действительном и страдательном залоге.

Text В Tobacco and its Effects

Tobacco smoking is most definitely the most popular and perilous drug utilization. The cigarette consumption has in most cases been matter to sure factors. For example, the greatest increases in smoking have happened all through wars.

The primary reason why for this periodic building up used to be that the inhabitants in general experienced greater tension. Another reason why for this build up all over wartime was once that young infantrymen had been being offered to smoking as a rigidity reliever.

Despite public knowledge campaigns on the subject, too few smokers understand the degree and extent of wear to their bodies associated with cigarette smoking.

Minor diseases immediately related to smoking compete with the ordinary cold1 as main causes of the time misplaced from paintings and studies.

Recently, research of huge groups of other folks have shown that cigarette smokers are more more likely to die of sure cardiovascular illnesses than non-smokers. A motive and effect affiliation has theoretically been established between cigarette smoking and prevalence of coronary attacks in humans, especially men between 35 and Fifty five years of age. The possibility of death in male cigarette smokers in relation to non-smokers is bigger in center age than in previous age. Smoking is being increasingly connected to the building of respiratory sicknesses, reminiscent of bronchitis and emphysema. Air air pollution and respiration infections as well as smoking cause and irritate chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

Fig. 15. Alveoli in commonplace lung tissue and emphysema

Smokers aren't most effective polluting their own air with their cigarettes but are subjecting non-smokers, who make up 3 quarters of the population, to just about the similar well being possibility. Subjected to the effects of sidestream smoke, non-smokers may breathe in lots of the poisonous chemicals of the cigarette from the environment they're in and are, in reality, «passively smoking». «Side-stream smoke» produced from the burning finish of the cigarette comprises very high concentrations of toxic chemicals which are typically perceived as unpleasant by means of each people who smoke and non-smokers.

Allergic response to smoke is normal. Asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema or ischemic coronary heart illness victims enjoy reactions to passive smoking that range from gentle nasal congestion and eye inflammation to headache, dermatitis or even a few life-threatening asthmatic assaults. People with advanced breathing and cardiac breath actually fight for existence.

Tobacco accommodates greater than hundred identified chemical compounds including nicotine. Some of the elements discovered in tobacco remain in the ashes of a burned cigarette; others are very much modified all through the burning process. Moreover, further compounds are being produced right through combustion, and it is some of these materials which are of significant concern to scientists and physicians. The composition of the cigarette smoke that enters the human frame has been the primary intention of most analytical studies.

Nicotine and a minimum of 15 other compounds discovered in cigarette smoke are identified to be cancerogens - cancer-causing substances. When a person inhales cigarette smoke, the smoke is passing down the trachea (windpipe) to the bronchial tubes and into the lungs. Autopsies of hundreds of human lungs have proven that it's precisely in these areas of utmost exposure that precancerous adjustments are maximum prone to seem.

Thus there are some relationships between smoking, lung most cancers, and many other breathing stipulations. Furthermore, cigarette smoke is itself an irritant. Heavy people who smoke really feel this irritation in their throats and will be developing «smoker's cough» after a few years of smoking.

Notes

1. typical cold простуда

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте В предложения, более полно выражающие мысль данных суждений, и прочтите их.

1. The cigarette consumption has been matter to sure components. 2. Few people who smoke notice the stage of wear to their bodies related to cigarette smoking. 3. Allergic response to smoke is common. 4. Tabacco accommodates hundred chemical compounds. 5. Cigarette smoke is an irritant.

Упражнение 3. Опишите вид альвеол в норме и при эмфиземе, используя текст и рис. 15.

Часть III

Контрольно-обобщающее упражнение к уроку 17

Укажите, в каких предложениях глагол-сказуемое стоит в форме страдательного залога во временах группы Continuous.

1. Neither antibiotic used to be getting used in the course of medication. 2. Now the entirety is finished to prevent breathing sicknesses. 3. 10 of twenty experimental sufferers who idea that they had been breathing in irritants or allergens advanced power asthma. 4. We were giving penicillin to the sufferers with bronchitis from April to May and came to the conclusion that it isn't helpful in this example. 5. A new drug is being tested effectively at the Department of clinical pharmacology. 6. The proportion of sufferers with serum hepatitis has been expanding since the first e-newsletter,

(Ответ: 1, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите ? 14 Грамматического справочника.)

LESSON EIGHTEEN

JAUNDICE. PEPTIC ULCER

Повторение: Модальные глаголы can, would possibly, must и их эквиваленты! (? 17)

Часть I

Слова к части I

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Напишите следующие предложения: а) в прошедшем времени; б) в будущем времени. Переведите предложения.

1. You should practice all the new necessary scientific researches in your box. 2. By manner of spirometry the dynamic lung volumes is also assessed without problem. 3. He must examine a collection of case stories prior to the lecture. 4. You would possibly take your analyses in the laboratory. 5. Chronic inhalation of cadmium fumes may cause continual progressive emphysema.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения с модальными глаголами: can, may, might, may, will have to, shall.

1. We may now not hit upon any antibiotic job in the sputum of our patients. 2. The pre-treatment traces of two sufferers is also assumed to be sensitive to streptomicin. 3. Thinking about bronchial asthma or listening to a description of an assault may even provoke bronchial asthma. 4. Every doctor will have to know the pathology of power bronchitis and emphysema. 5. Heavy physical activity shall no longer be resumed inside the first three months after an assault of myocardial infarction. 6. Professor defined that canine inhaling cigarette smoke over lengthy classes might broaden lung injury.

Упражнение 3. Дайте исходные слова к нижеприведенным производным. stimulation, inhabitants, lining, investigation, accompanying

Упражнение 4. Прочтите и переведите данные гнезда слов.

1. to examine - investigator, investigation, investigatory; 2. bile - biliary, bile-stained, bile-stone; 3. to complicate - difficult, straight forward, complication; 4. serum - sera, serous

Упражнение 5. Прочтите и переведите данные словосочетания.

bile duct, bile colic (calculus), complicated device (downside, mechanism, apparatus), complicated disease

Упражнение 6. Просмотрите текст А и скажите, сколько типов желтухи описано в тексте.

Text A Jaundice

1. Perhaps the most evident symptom that can result from disease of the liver or biliary passages is jaundice, and the estimation of the level of bilirubin in the serum is to be subsequently incessantly performed in the investigation of a case of liver illness.

2. The proven fact that sera from other circumstances of jaundice may give different types of reaction has been used as a foundation for differentiating between different types of jaundice. Jaundice should be divided into three primary types, viz.: obstructive jaundice, hepatocellular or «toxic» jaundice (with or without a point of accompanying obstruction) and hemolytic jaundice. In uncomplicated obstructive jaundice, liver function is largely or wholly customary, so that the bile pigments are excreted normally into the bile passages; however owing to the presence of a few obstruction (either a stone impacted in the typical bile duct, or obliteration of the duct by way of a carcinoma of the head of the pancreas) the bile is not able to go into the duodenum and has as an alternative to be re-absorbed into the movement. In hepatocellular jaundice the serve as of the liver cells is changed so that they can no longer excrete the customary quantity of bile pigment reach- ing them in the blood flow. In this example bilirubin stage gradually rises. In hemolytic jaundice the excessive quantities of bile pigment (which are formed as a result of the excessive crimson cellular destruction) are incompletely excreted by the liver cells and have been re-absorbed from the obstructive bile passages. In hepatocellular or obstructive jaundice the way over circulating pigment has now not passed through the liver cells.

Упражнение 7. Просмотрите текст А и найдите предложения, в которых описываются симптомы каждого типа желтухи.

Упражнение 8. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы и зачи- тайте их.

1. What process has to be performed to diagnose a liver disease? 2. How can a physician differentiate between the kinds of jaundice? 3. How

many sorts of jaundice are there? 4. How does the function of the liver exchange in the circumstances of hepatocellular jaundice?

Упражнение 9. Прочтите и переведите данные слова.

possibly, the fact that..., viz. (videlicet), so ... that, while

Упражнение 10. Составьте план текста А письменно.

Упражнение 11. Перепишите схему в тетрадь. Дополните ее.

1. 2. 3.

Упражнение 12. Заполните пропуски модальными глаголами can, may just; might, would possibly; will have to; must.

1. If you are sick you ... consult a physician and ... do what he says. 2. Since one pack of 20 cigarettes comprises 30 mg of cadmium, it's possible that continual inhalation of cigarette smoke ... result in an enhanced cadmium intake. 3. The affected person who receives the blood of the diseased donor ... increase a positive test for the hepatitis antigen shortly after transfusion. 4. This patient had received 1 unit of blood at operation and ... have viral hepatitis. 5. The sufferers with jaundice ... be instantly transferred to an infectious clinic. 6. Sera from apparently healthy blood donors ... be always tested for the presence of hepatitits antigen.

Упражнение 13. Переведите следующие предложения с модальными глаголами и их эквивалентами.

1. Infectious hepatitis with a brief incubation duration may also be transmitted all over blood transfusion. 2. There is experimental evidence that the passive management of IgG antibody interferes with the synthesis of IgM antibody and in this manner is in a position to adjust the immune reaction. 3. Some researchers suggest that the variations between serum hepatitis and infective hepatitis would possibly rely on whether or not a standard causative agent is or no longer sure by way of antibody. 4. The robust affiliation of the hepatitis antigen with acute viral hepatitis increases the

suspicion that donor blood containing the antigen could also be infectious. 5. You must take the drug three times a day earlier than foods. 6. We had to read about samples from commonplace subjects who had been uncovered to hepatitis. 7. Convalescent sera from patients with hepatitis might contain trace quantities of antibody and require additional find out about. 8. 10 sufferers had been to be studied with a clinical picture moderately compatible with acute hepatitis. 9. We had been allowed to practice up sera in 27 of 49 experimental sufferers with positive reactions for hepatitis.

Часть II

Слова к части II

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Определите значения указанных слов в данных словосоче- таниях и предложениях.

1. situation - состояние, условие, заболевание; in just right, unhealthy con- dition; below beneficial stipulations; Ulcer is a common condition in any country. The affected person is in a crucial condition.

2. to recognize - распознавать, признавать; An emotional stress is a frequently recognized factor. The disease is well known.

Упражнение 2. Прочтите текст В (10 мин). 1) Разделите его на смысловые части. 2) Найдите и переведите предложения с модальными глаголами и их заменителями.

Text В Peptic Ulcer

Ulcer is a ordinary situation.

What reasons ulcers? A peptic ulcer, as the name says, is an erosion in the lining of the digestive tract as a results of the action of the enzyme pepsin. An increase in the acid content of the gastric juice starts pepsin

digesting the mucosa. Most of the signs are ascribed to the prime stage of acidity of the juice. Not all persons with hyper-acidity will have to broaden ulcers. The 2d, frequently identified issue is emotional stress. Emotional pressure produces stipulations especially favourable to ulcer formation. Peptic ulcer disease can be known as a psychosomatic illness; a real physically ailment, produced, or at least irritated, by way of the psychological and emotional state.

There are two very unique types of peptic ulcer - gastric and duodenal. Although they are found in two different places-the abdomen and the duodenum respectively - they appear alike and motive an identical misery. Gastric ulcer is brought about by the hormone gastrin, secreted all over the gastric segment of digestion. Distention of the abdomen lining causes gastrin to be secreted from the antrum; gastrin in turn stimulates the gastric glands to paintings additional time. Gastric ulcers bleed into the abdomen and would possibly in fact perforate the abdomen wall.

Duodenal ulcer, discovered in the first ten inches of the small gut, is four occasions as standard as gastric ulcer. This is the «ulcer of rigidity» discussed earlier, though the psychic factor could also be present in other bureaucracy. The affected person most often complains of a ache and «heartburn» after meals (inside of the first hour in case of gastric ulcer, from 3 to four hours after meal in duodenal ulcer). Besides the pain which the affected person is regularly not able to endure, he might also undergo from frequent vomiting. If the gastric juice shows an bizarre concentration of HCl1, the prognosis is practically certain.

Since the secretion of gastric juice is excessive in all varieties of peptic ulcer, correct nutrition will have to be neccessary for the suppression of secretion. This implies that the nutrition, as a substitute of being appetizing, has to be monotonous, in order to suppress the urge for food juice. Meat and alcohol are to be forbidden.

Notes

1. Ulcer is a ordinary situation. 2. The first reason behind peptic ulcer is an building up in the acid content of the gastric juice. 3. Not all persons with hyperacidity increase ulcers. 4. Gastric ulcer may perforate the abdomen wall. 5. Duodenal ulcer is the ulcer of stress. 6. The right kind nutrition must be nesessary for traditional secretion.

1HCl hydrochloric-acid - соляная кислота

Упражнение 5. Просмотрите еще раз текст В и выпишите предложения, несущие, на ваш взгляд, наиболее важную информацию.

Упражнение 6. Передайте краткое содержание текста, используя предыдущие упражнения и слова к тексту В.

Часть III

Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 18

Упражнение 1. Укажите, в каких предложениях модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты выражают долженствование.

1. As the percentage of low titre sera was so high among hepatitis patients, the percentages of anticomplementary sera needed to be calculated. 2. You must use ampicillin intramuscularly for treatment of this infection. 3. Donors with a historical past of hepatitis aren't allowed to provide blood. 4. Two of 18 sufferers have been to receive spaced transfusions all through their hospitalization. 5. Since the antibodies in business γ- globulin have a half-life of about 32 days, top ranges of hepatitis «antibody» from the two injections will have to be present in the majority of sufferers.

(Ответ: 1, 2, 4, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите ? 17 Грамматического справочника.)

Упражнение 2. Найдите в левой колонке перевод слов из правой колонки.

1. to result in 1. обращаться к кому-л.; применять

2. lesion 2. конкурирующий, конкурсный

3. to apply 3. еда, принятие пищи

4. software 4. быть причиной, вызывать

5. competitive 5. гниение, разложение, гнилость

6. putrefaction 6. рана, поражение

7. a meal 7. применение

(Ответ: 1-4, 2-6, 3-1, 4-7, 5-2, 6-5, 7-3.)

Упражнение 3. Прочтите данные предложения и скажите, соответствуют ли действительности упоминаемые в них факты.

1. Both duodenal and gastric ulcers are brought about by means of hypersecretion of gastric juice. 2. Gastric digestion is led to by putrefaction. 3. Pure pancreatic juice or bile alone can produce a destruction of mucosa. 4. In the interval between foods minimum secretion of gastric

juice happens in healthy folks. 5. Physiologic mechanism of regulating gastric secretion has been worked out through experimental studies on higher animals.

LESSON NINETEEN

KIDNEY DISEASES

Повторение: Функции причастий (?? 20, 21)

Часть I Слова к части I

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Прочтите и переведите следующий текст. Найдите пред- ложения, где употребляются I и II формы причастий.

Patients with diseases requiring very huge numbers of blood transfusions are presumably exposed to hepatitis repeatedly and could be anticipated to possess antibody against the hepatitis virus(es) or its products. When employing sera from such repeatedly transfused folks as antisera, Blumberg et al. found an antigen in the serum of an Australian aborigine which has grow to be known as the Australia antigen. On the foundation of inhabitants studies it used to be at the beginning proposed that the Australia antigen was once any other instance of a genetically determined human trait. Recently, then again, the affiliation of the Australia antigen with viral hepatitis has been favored, and it now seems that the observations reported on the incidence of this factor can be defined on an infectious basis. Using similar methods, Prince has reported the discovering of an antigen in patients with serum-hepatitis (S.H. antigen), it being absent in patients with infectious hepatitis.

As in the past discussed, it seems most likely that the Australia antigen and the S.H. antigen are similar, but uncertainty exists as to whether they are immunologically identical or best identical.

We have detected a particular antigen in a prime percentage (80%) of sufferers with each forms of viral hepatitis. Patients studied had been from the wards and clinics of the Presbyterian, Francis Delafield, and Har-lemHospitals of New York City. Clinical diagnoses were established on the foundation of historical past, physical findings, and laboratory values, routine laboratory assessments carried out in the clinical laboratories of the respective hospitals by way of same old ways.

Упражнение 2. Прочтите и переведите данные слова. Запомните их значение.

critical, anorexia, variable, albumin, calculus (pl. calculi) radiopaque, thigh, spontaneously, descent, morphine

Упражнение 3. Прочтите и переведите данные однокоренные слова.

1. ultimate, in the long run; 2. thigh, thigh-bone; 3. signal, to sign, sign, signature, sign-board; 4. to incise, incised, incision, incisive

Упражнение 4. Просмотрите текст А. Передайте основное содержание текста.

Text A Stones in the Kidneys

1. Clinical manifestation. In many instances stones are carried in the kidneys for years producing no symptoms. More repeatedly, a delicate an infection develops in the pelvis about the stone and step by step involves the cortex of the kidney until a severe pyelonephritis develops. If the stone is large, or a number of are present, the infection would possibly growth to a pyelonephrosis, ensuing in the destruction and supreme loss of the kidney. Mild fever, pain, malaise and anorexia are normally present. Pus and a variable amount of albumin are present in the urine. Such signs as frequency of urination and delicate burning pain most often accompany infection of this type. The analysis of renal calculi will also be made through an X-ray film since most of these stones contain sufficient calcium to be radiopaque.

2. The maximum dramatic manifestation of renal calculi is renal colic brought about by means of the front of a stone into the ureter and its passage downward to the bladder. The ache described usually radiates downward towards the thigh. Hematuria is a consistent symptom and is crucial diagnostic sign.

3. While passing slowly, the stone would possibly increase infection and pus in addition to micro organism will likely be discovered in the urine. Fever is absent with the exception of the

cases when the obstruction is present lengthy sufficient to permit the development of infections. On rare events the stone produces enough ulceration in the ureter all over its passage. Differentiation of renal colic from other acute stomach stipulations can in most cases be made by means of urine examination, and X-ray.

4. Treatment. Unless the renal stone is «silent», medication must be directed towards its removal. Most stones having entered the ureter will pass spontaneously into the bladder by way of the prescuption of conservative medicine akin to forcing fluid, sedation, and so on. During the attack of colic analgetics may be required to keep an eye on the pain; if after many days, there is no proof of development in the descent of the stone, ureteral catheterisation may be used in dislodging it. On uncommon events an operation (in most cases extra-peritoneal with incision into the ureter) must be performed to remove the stone. Large stones in the kidney cannot be passed by means of the ureter and if symptoms are produced operation is vital. If the stones are present in each kidneys, it is in most cases preferable to function first on the kidney with the poorer function, since the operation would possibly produce a brief anuria; if the better kidney is the one operated on first, and transient anuria results, a fatal outcome would possibly apply.

Упражнение 5. Просмотрите текст А еще раз и перечислите основные симптомы и способы лечения мочекаменной болезни.

Упражнение 6. Найдите в тексте А ответы на следующие вопросы и зачитайте их.

1. Do stones in kidneys usually produce pyelonephritis? 2. What symptoms lend a hand to diagnose renal calculi? 3. What is renal colic and how does it manifest? 4. When is conservative treatment used in circumstances of renal calculi? 5. What kidney is operated on first if the stones are present in either one of them and why?

Упражнение 7. Напишите возможные сочетания: а) глаголов и существи- тельных; б) прилагательных и существительных.

Упражнение 8. Прочтите и переведите аннотации. Скажите, какая из них передает содержание текста наиболее адекватно и более полно отвечает требованиям, предъявляемым к аннотации.

Stones in the Kidneys Clinical manifestation

Very incessantly an an infection about the stone causes pyelonephritis or pyelonephrosis, resulting in the lack of the kidney.

The signs are delicate fever, pain, malaise, anorexia, pus and albumin in the urine, frequency of urination and mild burning. The diagnosis can be made via X-raying. The ache towards the thigh, hematuria, on rare occasions ulceration in the ureter, fever are signs and signs of renal colic. Treatment should be directed towards its elimination until the stone is «silent».

Stones in the Kidneys Clinical manifestation

In many instances for years without symptoms. More recurrently a delicate an infection about the stone develops into pyelonephritis or if the stone is large, into pyelonephrosis. Mild fever, ache, malaise and anorexia, pus and albumin in the urine, frequency of urination and gentle burning pain accompany this an infection. The analysis will also be made by means of an X-ray movie. Renal colic is brought about via the front of a stone into the ureter while passing downward to the bladder. The pain described radiates toward the thigh. Hematuria is a diagnostic signal.

If the stone isn't handed impulsively, an infection may broaden: pus in the urine, fever, when obstruction is present. Ulceration in the ureter is uncommon. Urine examination and X-ray lend a hand to diagnose renal colic. Treatment. If the stone is «silent», conservative medication akin to forcing fluid, sedation, and so forth., is prescribed. Analgetics is also required all the way through the attack of colic. Ureteral catheterization, on rare events extra-peritoneal operation with incision into the ureter is necessary. If the stones are present in both kid- neys, it's preferable to operate first on the kidney with the poorer function.

Упражнение 9. Раскройте скобки, выбрав нужную форму причастия. Переведите предложения.

1. One week previous to the admission, the patient evolved diarrhea (associated, associating) with weak spot, fever and normal malaise. 2. That document describes an (immuno suppressing, immuno suppressed) patient with mucosal and serosal ulcerations of the abdomen, jejunum, ileum and ascending colon. 3. Stones are continuously carried in the kidneys for years (producing, produced) no signs. 4. The ulcer most common-

ly (related, associating) with the gastrointestinal system is the peptic ulcer (going on, happened) as a gastric or duodenal ulcer. 5. The result of nephrolithiasis is also obstruction of the kidney, ureter, or bladder leading to (higher, increasing) pressure behind the stone.

Упражнение 10. Замените причастные обороты придаточными предложе- ниями, сделав соответствующие изменения, согласно образцу; используйте союзы или союзные слова as, and, when, which.

Образец: The same old manifestation of renal calculi is renal colic caused by means of a stone in the kidney or ureter. The standard manifestation of renal calculi is renal colic which is brought about through a stone in the kidney or ureter.

1. The conditions for stone formation are: a hollow space containing a fluid; the fluid having salts in solution. 2. The salts held in resolution in the fluid are deposited on the international substances. 3. The overseas gadgets forming stones in the kidneys and bladder are micro organism and the small shreds of mucus. 4. All experimental sufferers described here had stones in the bladder. 5. When accumulated in polypropylene bottles the urine was stored in refrigerated lockers.

Упражнение 11. Опишите виды камней при мочекаменной болезни, используя текст и рис. 16.

Часть II Слова к части II

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Прочтите текст В (10 мин). 1) Скажите, о каких заболева- ниях идет речь в тексте и существует ли какая-либо взаимосвязь между ними. 2) Найдите предложения: а) где употребляются I и II формы причастий; б) определите их функции. 3) Переведите эти предложения.

Text В Kidney Diseases

There are 3 buildings of the kidney which are at risk of disease: the glomeruli, the tubules and the blood vessels. However, it's

rare that handiest such a constructions is affected; what happens to one ceaselessly impacts the others as well.

The disease in which the glomeruli are specifically involved is known as glomerulonephritis. It could also be acute or persistent, the first ceaselessly leading to the 2nd. It is frequently a sequel1 to such a adolescence infectious disease as scarlet fever. In glomerulo-nephritis, the glomeruli change into clogged with exudate and mobile debris in order that the blood now not flows thru them. Here a clearance test comes in handy; it will display that a lot smaller quantities of filtrate are being shaped than generally. The glomeruli being still open become permeable to protein and albuminuria becomes very marked. This ends up in edema.

Diseases involving the tubules are called nephroses. They are normally caused by means of poisons of quite a lot of kinds, akin to mercury, bismuth, uranium, or carbolic acid. Some degree of tubular degeneration happens, alternatively, in such diseases as diabetes, malaria and pernicious anaemia2, and also in irritating shock. Finally, athero-sclerosis of the kidney might occur, lowering the total blood glide through the kidney's blood vessels.

What happens to the kidneys when incompatible blood has been used in a transfusion? Hemolysis of pink cells occurs, of course, and the liberated hemoglobin circulates in the blood. Passing thru the kidney, hemoglobin (although its molecular weight is 68,000) passes via the membrane into the tubules. If the quantity is small, reabsorption happens, however in the amounts higher after an incompatible transfusion the hemoglobin, passing via the tubules, is brought about. This blocks the tu-

Fig. 16. Urinary casts.

sequel - следствие.

pernicious anaemia [s'nimp] - злокачественная анемия.

bules; they cease to function and after all die. Patients having received the improper type of blood can continuously be stored if the blood is carefully alkalinized; an alkaline filtrate is formed and thus prevents precipitation.

A traditional illness of the kidney, known as Bright's disease, contains a choice of different prerequisites. Bright was a physician establishing a connection between degenerative adjustments in the kidney and the presence of albumin in the urine. The discovery of albumin in the urine normally signifies a misguided running of the kidneys. It implies that albumin from the blood plasma is being allowed to pass thru the renal tubules, and thus be excreted in the urine. At the same time the damaged tubules fail to do away with fluid. This fluid collects in the tissues and reasons swelling, or edema, of quite a lot of parts of the frame. The fluid is more more likely to collect in the legs and in the eyelids. Hence the puffy face and swollen legs of the sufferers from advanced Bright's disease.

It will have to now not be assumed, on the other hand, that the presence of a small quantity of albumin in the urine is necessarily a sign of Bright's disease. It is incessantly temporary and of no great importance.

Notes

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте В предложения, более полно выражающие мысль данных суждений, и прочтите их вслух.

1. There are 3 structures of the kidney which are liable to disease. 2. A clearance test is a diagnosing process in glomerulonephritis. 3. Nephroses are brought about by means of poisons. 4. The patients who have received the flawed type of blood will also be stored. 5. The presence of albumin in the urine is a symptom of a choice of prerequisites recognized below the heading of Bright's disease.

Упражнение 3. Назовите заболевания почек, описанные в тексте В.

Часть III

Контрольно-обобщающее упражнение к уроку 19

Найдите в следующих предложениях причастия, выполняющие функцию определения.

1. Case 5 had his blood pressure raised over all length of investigation. 2. Transient or reversible albuminuria accompanied via oliguria and highly concentrated urine can be due to useful changes in the

glomerular membrane. 3. When damaged the glomerular epithelium turns into permeable to the blood coloids. 4. Oliguria or decreased secretion of urine, would possibly be because of a collection of renal elements. 5. Albuminuria is typical in passive congestion accompanying cardiac decompensation. 6. Intravenous pyelography having been performed, the affected person was operated on.

(Ответ: 1, 2, 4, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите ?? 20, 21 Грамматического справочника.)